Conditioning in PSYCHOLOGY
Conditioning is a form of associative learning which results in changes in an organism’s behavior as a consequence of exposure to certain temporal relations between events. Conditioning has two forms. Classical or Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental or operant conditioning. In experimental studies of both varieties, the experimenter presents, an event of biological or motivational significance usually termed as reinforcer it may be food, water, or access to a sexual partner; or it may be a painful or distressing event such as a brief electric shock or the administration of a drug which causes nausea. Classical and instrumental conditioning differ in the other event with which this reinforcer is associated
Classical Conditioning
This type of conditioning was originally given by Ivan P. Pavlov (1927). In his classical experiment Pavlov designed an apparatus that could measure how much a dog’s mouth watered in response to food or other things in the environment. The dog, was strapped comfortably in a harness, standing on the experimental table in a sound proof roon. A tube was connected from the duct of the dog’s slivary gland to a dish to accumulate saliva for measurement purpose. Pavlov then sounded a tuningiork and noted that other than looking around the dog did not do any other response. After some time a plate of meat powder was placed before the dog. On getting the smell and eating the same the dog salivated. After the dog had eaten the plate was removed. Some time after the tuning fork was sounded again and the same procedure repeated and observations made. It was noted that after repeating this procedure a few more times, the dog on hearing the sound of the tuning fork started to salivate
Components of Pavlovian conditioning.
The following constitute the fundamental components and procedures of Pavlovian conditioning:
The unconditional stimulus (UCS) : Pavlov referred to the meat powder in his salivary conditioning experiment as a UCS. The word unconditioned means that the stimulus in question need not require prior training to produce the desired response. Thus, the essential feature of a UCS is that it should reliably elicit a response without prior training.
The unconditional response (UCR) : The UCR is that response that is elicited by the UCS. Here again unconditional means that no prior association of stimulus-response is essential for producing the required response. Since the primary feature of the UCS-UCR relationship is that the UCS reliably elicits the UCR, the UCR is often referred to as a highly reflexive response, one which happens quickly and quite automatically when the UCS occurs.
The conditioned stimulus (CS) : The CS is that stimulus which comes to elicit a response by being paired properly in time with the UCS. In a very real sense, the appearance of the newly emerging response comes to be conditional’ upon the presentation of the CS, hence its name. The important feature of a CS is that it must be some stimulus which is within the sensory range of the organism and previously must be having a neutral effect with respect. to the reflex under study.
The conditioned response (CR): The CR is that learned reflex which arises when the CS is paired properly in time’ with tãe UCS. Sometimes, incidentally, the CR is referred to as a ‘conditional reflex’ for it becomes conditional upon the presentation of the CS.
Conditioning is a form of associative learning which results in changes in an organism’s behavior as a consequence of exposure to certain temporal relations between events. Conditioning has two forms. Classical or Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental or operant conditioning. In experimental studies of both varieties, the experimenter presents, an event of biological or motivational significance usually termed as reinforcer it may be food, water, or access to a sexual partner; or it may be a painful or distressing event such as a brief electric shock or the administration of a drug which causes nausea. Classical and instrumental conditioning differ in the other event with which this reinforcer is associated
Classical Conditioning
This type of conditioning was originally given by Ivan P. Pavlov (1927). In his classical experiment Pavlov designed an apparatus that could measure how much a dog’s mouth watered in response to food or other things in the environment. The dog, was strapped comfortably in a harness, standing on the experimental table in a sound proof roon. A tube was connected from the duct of the dog’s slivary gland to a dish to accumulate saliva for measurement purpose. Pavlov then sounded a tuningiork and noted that other than looking around the dog did not do any other response. After some time a plate of meat powder was placed before the dog. On getting the smell and eating the same the dog salivated. After the dog had eaten the plate was removed. Some time after the tuning fork was sounded again and the same procedure repeated and observations made. It was noted that after repeating this procedure a few more times, the dog on hearing the sound of the tuning fork started to salivate
Components of Pavlovian conditioning.
The following constitute the fundamental components and procedures of Pavlovian conditioning:
The unconditional stimulus (UCS) : Pavlov referred to the meat powder in his salivary conditioning experiment as a UCS. The word unconditioned means that the stimulus in question need not require prior training to produce the desired response. Thus, the essential feature of a UCS is that it should reliably elicit a response without prior training.
The unconditional response (UCR) : The UCR is that response that is elicited by the UCS. Here again unconditional means that no prior association of stimulus-response is essential for producing the required response. Since the primary feature of the UCS-UCR relationship is that the UCS reliably elicits the UCR, the UCR is often referred to as a highly reflexive response, one which happens quickly and quite automatically when the UCS occurs.
The conditioned stimulus (CS) : The CS is that stimulus which comes to elicit a response by being paired properly in time with the UCS. In a very real sense, the appearance of the newly emerging response comes to be conditional’ upon the presentation of the CS, hence its name. The important feature of a CS is that it must be some stimulus which is within the sensory range of the organism and previously must be having a neutral effect with respect. to the reflex under study.
The conditioned response (CR): The CR is that learned reflex which arises when the CS is paired properly in time’ with tãe UCS. Sometimes, incidentally, the CR is referred to as a ‘conditional reflex’ for it becomes conditional upon the presentation of the CS.
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